Immunization Reactions

• Reactions to a recent immunization (vaccine)
• Most are reactions at the shot site (such as pain, swelling, redness)
• General reactions (such as a fever or being fussy) may also occur

Reactions to These Vaccines are Covered:

• Chickenpox (varicella) virus
• COVID-19 virus
• DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis)
• Hemophilus influenzae type b
• Hepatitis A virus
• Hepatitis B virus
• Human Papilloma virus
• Influenza virus
• MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
• Meningococcal
• Polio virus
• Pneumococcal
• Rotavirus
• Tuberculosis (BCG vaccine)

Symptoms of Vaccine Reactions

• Local Reactions. Shot sites can have swelling, redness and pain. Most often, these symptoms start within 24 hours of the shot. They most often last 3 to 5 days. With the DTaP vaccine, they can last up to 7 days.
• Fever with most vaccines begins within 24 hours and lasts 1 to 2 days.
• Delayed Reactions. With the MMR and chickenpox shots, fever and rash can occur. These symptoms start later. They usually begin between 1 and 4 weeks.
• Anaphylaxis. Severe allergic reactions are very rare. They start within 20 minutes. Sometimes can occur up to 2 hours after the shot. Vaccine health workers know how to treat these reactions.

Vaccine Free App

• Vaccines on the Go app from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
• This free app can answer any vaccine questions you may have
• It is fact-based and up-to-date

Call 911 Now

• Trouble breathing or swallowing
• Not moving or very weak
• Can't wake up
• You think your child has a life-threatening emergency

Go to ER Now

• Hard to wake up

Call Doctor or Seek Care Now

• Fever in baby less than 12 weeks old. Caution: do NOT give your baby any fever medicine before being seen.
• Fever higher than 104° F (40° C)
• Fever after vaccine given and weak immune system (such as sickle cell disease, HIV, cancer, organ transplant, taking oral steroids)
• Crying nonstop lasts more than 3 hours
• Rotavirus vaccine followed by vomiting or severe crying
• Your child looks or acts very sick
• You think your child needs to be seen, and the problem is urgent

Contact Doctor Within 24 Hours

• Redness around the shot becomes larger and more painful to touch after 3 days
• Fever lasts more than 3 days
• Fever returns after being gone more than 24 hours
• Measles vaccine rash (starts day 6 to 12 after shot) lasts more than 4 days
• You think your child needs to be seen, but the problem is not urgent

Contact Doctor During Office Hours

• Redness or red streak around shot is larger than 2 inches (5 cm)
• Redness, swelling or pain is getting worse after 3 days
• Fussiness from vaccine lasts more than 3 days
• You have other questions or concerns

Self Care at Home

• Normal immunization reaction (mild redness and swelling, fever)

Care Advice for Immunization Reactions

Treatment for Common Immunization Reactions

What You Should Know About Common Shot Reactions:

• Immunizations (vaccines) protect your child against serious diseases.
• Pain, redness and swelling are normal where the shot was given. Most symptoms start within the first 12 hours after the shot was given. Redness and fever starting on day 1 or 2 of the shot is always normal.
• All of these reactions mean the vaccine is working.
• Your child's body is making new antibodies to protect against the real disease.
• Most of these symptoms will only last 2 or 3 days.
• There is no need to see your doctor for normal reactions, such as redness or fever.
• Here is some care advice that should help.

Vaccine Site Reaction: Treatment

• Some pain, swelling and skin redness at the injection site is normal. It means the vaccine is working.
• Massage: gently massage the injection site 3 or more times a day.
• Heat: for pain or redness, apply a heating pad or a warm wet washcloth to the area for 10 minutes. Repeat as needed. Reason: will increase blood flow to the area. May apply cold if you prefer, but avoid ice.
• No Pain Medicine: try not to give any pain medicines. Reason: pain medicines may reduce the body's normal immune response. Use local heat instead. Pain rarely becomes bad. If needed, use acetaminophen.
• Hives at the Shot Site: if itchy, can put on 1% hydrocortisone cream (such as Cortaid). No prescription is needed. Use twice daily as needed.

Fever with Vaccines: Treatment

• Fever with vaccines is normal, harmless and probably helpful. Reason: fever speeds up your body's immune system.
• Fever with most vaccines begins within 12 hours and lasts 1 to 2 days.
• For low grade fevers of 100-102° F (37.8 to 39° C), do not give fever medicines. Reason: they may reduce your body's normal immune response.
• For fevers higher than 102° F (39° C), medicine may be given for discomfort. If needed, use acetaminophen.
• Fluids. Encourage cool fluids in unlimited amounts. Reason: prevent dehydration. Fluids can also lower high fevers. For infants age younger than 6 months, only give formula or breastmilk.
• Clothing. Dress in normal clothing. For shivering or the chills, use a blanket until it stops.

General Symptoms From Vaccines:

• All vaccines can cause mild fussiness, crying and restless sleep. This is usually due to a sore shot site.
• Some children sleep more than usual. A decreased appetite and activity level are also common.
• These symptoms are normal. They do not need any treatment.
• They will usually go away in 24-48 hours.

Call Your Doctor If:

• Redness becomes larger than 2 inches (5 cm)
• Redness becomes more painful after 3 days
• Fever starts after 2 days (or lasts more than 3 days)
• Redness or pain lasts more than 7 days
• You think your child needs to be seen
• Your child becomes worse

Specific Immunization Reactions

Chickenpox Vaccine:

• Pain or swelling at the shot site for 1 to 2 days. (20% of children)
• Mild fever lasting 1 to 3 days begins 14 to 28 days after the shot (10%). Give acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever higher than 102° F (39°C).
• Never give aspirin for fever, pain or within 6 weeks of getting the shot. Reason: risk of Reye syndrome, a rare but serious brain disease.
• Chickenpox-like rash (usually 2 red bumps) at the shot site (3%)
• Chickenpox-like rash (usually 5 red bumps) scattered over the body (4%)
• This mild rash begins 5 to 26 days after the shot. Most often, it lasts a few days.
• Children with these rashes can go to child care or school. Reason: for practical purposes, vaccine rashes are not spread to others.
• Exception: do not go to school if red bumps drain fluid and are widespread. Reason: can be actual chickenpox.
• Caution: if vaccine rash contains fluid, cover it with clothing. You can also use a bandage.

COVID-19 Vaccine

• Injection site reactions. Pain and tenderness starts within 8 hours (90% of patients). Other local reactions are some swelling (10%) or skin redness (5%). Local symptoms usually last 1 to 3 days.
• General body symptoms after the second dose. Fever (15%), chills (40%), tiredness (70%), muscle aches (50%) and headaches (60%). Runny nose and sore throat are more common with Omicron variant. Some other mild side effects are decreased appetite, nausea, dizziness, and increased sleep.
• General symptoms start at about 24 hours. They usually last 1 day, sometimes 2.
• Vaccines with 2 doses. Symptoms are more frequent after the 2nd vaccine.
• Vaccines with one dose. Side effects were the same type, but a little less often.
• Booster shots. Side effects much the same.
• The vaccine does not cause any respiratory symptoms such as cough, runny nose, sore throat or shortness of breath.
• It is impossible to get COVID-19 from the vaccine. Reason: there is no live COVID-19 virus in the vaccine.
• Severe allergic reactions to the vaccine are very rare.

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTaP) Vaccine:

• The following harmless reactions to DTaP can occur:
• Pain, tenderness, swelling and redness at the shot site are the main side effects. This happens in 25% of children. It usually starts within the first 12 hours. Redness and fever starting on day 1 of the shot is always normal. It lasts for 3 to 7 days.
• Fever (in 25% of children) and lasts for 24 to 48 hours
• Mild drowsiness (30%), fretfulness (30%) or poor appetite (10%) and lasts for 24 to 48 hours.
• Large swelling over 4 inches (10 cm) can follow the later doses of DTaP. The area of redness is smaller. This usually occurs with the 4th or 5th dose. It occurs in 5% of children. Most children can still move the leg or arm normally.
• The large thigh or upper arm swelling goes away without treatment by day 3 (60%) to day 7 (90%).
• This is not an allergy. Future DTaP vaccines are safe to give.

Hemophilus Influenza Type B Vaccine (Hib):

• No serious reactions reported.
• Sore injection site or mild fever only occurs in 2% of children.

Hepatitis A Vaccine:

• No serious reactions reported.
• Sore injection occurs in 20% of children.
• Loss of appetite occurs in 10% of children.
• Headache occurs in 5% of children.
• Most often, no fever is present.
• If these symptoms occur, they most often last 1-2 days.

Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine (HBV):

• No serious reactions reported.
• Sore shot site occurs in 30% of children and mild fever in 3% of children.
• Fever from the vaccine is rare. Any baby under 2 months with a fever after this shot should be examined.

Influenza Virus Vaccine:

• Pain, tenderness or swelling at the injection site occurs within 6 to 8 hours. This happens in 10% of children.
• Mild fever less than 103° F (39.5° C) occurs in 20% of children. Fevers mainly occur in young children.
• Nasal Influenza Vaccine: congested or runny nose, mild fever.

Measles Vaccine (part of MMR):

• The measles shot can cause a fever (10% of children) and rash (5% of children). This occurs about 6 to 12 days after the shot.
• Mild fever less than 103° F (39.5°C) in 10% and lasts 2 or 3 days.
• The mild pink rash is mainly on the trunk and lasts 2 or 3 days.
• No treatment is needed. The rash cannot be spread to others. Your child can go to child care or to school with the rash.
• Call Your Doctor If:
• Rash changes to blood-colored spots
• Rash lasts more than 3 days

Meningococcal Vaccine:

• No serious reactions.
• Sore shot site for 1 to 2 days occurs in 50%. Limited use of the arm occurs in 15% of children.
• Mild fever occurs in 5%, headache in 40% and joint pain in 20%
• The vaccine never causes meningitis.

Mumps or Rubella Vaccine (part of MMR):

• There are no serious reactions.
• Sometimes, a sore shot site can occur.

Papillomavirus Vaccine:

• No serious reactions.
• Sore injection site for few days in 90%.
• Mild redness and swelling at the shot site (in 50%).
• Fever higher than 100.4° F (38.0° C) in 10% and fever higher than 102° F (39° C) in 2%.
• Headache in 30%.

Pneumococcal Vaccine:

• No serious reactions.
• Pain, tenderness, swelling or redness at the injection site in 20%.
• Mild fever less than 102° F (39° C) in 15% for 1-2 days.

Polio Vaccine:

• Polio vaccine given by shot sometimes causes some muscle soreness.
• Polio vaccine given by mouth is no longer used in the U.S.

Rotavirus Vaccine:

• Most often, no serious reactions to this vaccine given by mouth.
• Mild diarrhea or vomiting for 1 to 2 days in 3%.
• No fever.
• Rare serious reaction: intussusception. Risk is 1 in 100,000 (CDC). Presents with vomiting or severe crying.

BCG Vaccine for Tuberculosis (TB):

• Vaccine used to prevent TB in high-risk groups or countries. It is not used in the US or most of Canada. Note: this is different than the skin test placed on the forearm to detect TB.
• BCG vaccine is given into the skin of the right shoulder area.
• Timing: mainly given to infants and young children.
• Normal reaction: after 6 to 8 weeks, a blister forms. It gradually enlarges and eventually drains a whitish yellow liquid. The blister then heals over leaving a scar. The raised scar is proof of BCG protection against TB.
• Abnormal reaction: abscess (infected lump) occurs in the shoulder or under the arm. Occurs in 1% of patients.
• Call Your Doctor If:
• Blister turns into a large red lump
• Lymph node in the armpit becomes large